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ABSTRACT Luis Tavares revolutionized cardiac surgery, always bringing the most modern instruments and equipment from his travels to England - surgical forceps, scissors, scalpels, etc. He always insisted that he was not just a thoracic surgeon, for his work extended over a wide field and created three important cardiac surgery centers which promoted a great development of cardiology. He carried out the first open heart surgery (atrial septal defect) employing extracorporeal circulation and closure of a ventricular septal defect with deep surface hypothermia of north and northeast Brazil. He promoted an intense scientific exchange program between Recife and England, resulting in significant advances in medicine, and participated directly in the creation of HEMOPE), leading to radical changes and improvements in blood therapy in the whole country. The PROCAPE, inaugurated in 2006, was the result of the cardiac center created by him in early 1970 at Hospital Oswaldo Cruz and can be considered the second largest public-university cardiology center in Brazil. He is thus widely regarded as an outstanding name in medicine in the 20th century and one of the fathers of modern cardiac surgery in Brazil.
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Oral semaglutide is the newest discovery, the first in class peptide in a pill. Sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino)caprylate (SNAC), a small fatty acid, has been co-formulated with semaglutide, which facilitates its absorption from the gastric mucosa. It has 94% homology with human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It comes in three dose forms – 3 mg, 7 mg and 14 mg. It is given as once daily dosing and is recommended in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients as monotherapy when metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated and in combination with other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). In a phase 3 trial, it has been shown to reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) up to 1.5%, with weight reduction up to 5 kg with a 14 mg dose. There was nonsignificant risk reduction of 21% in 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and 51% and 49% risk reduction in cardiovascular (CV) deaths and all-cause mortality, respectively. Oral semaglutide was found to be superior to empagliflozin, sitagliptin and liraglutide in both glycemic control and weight reduction. It also exhibits many pleiotropic effects – reduced energy intake, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effect, to name a few. Nausea was the most common side effect which was experienced by only 15% to 20% of patients. It was mild-to-moderate and transient. Overall, oral semaglutide has shown its efficacy both early and late in the management of diabetes, irrespective of renal and hepatic impairment.
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El presente trabajo analiza la presencia y consecuencias de una de las estrategias historiográficas más importantes de las historias sobre el psicoanálisis provenientes desde el interior del movimiento psicoanalítico. A partir del primero escrito freudiano sobre historia del psicoanálisis de 1914 el concepto de pionero se ha convertido en un concepto clave como fórmula de legitimación para los adherentes de las teorías psicoanalíticas. Se evidencia como el uso de este concepto reduce significativamente la multiplicidad del psicoanálisis como objeto de investigación histórica. Finalmente, se proponen algunas consideraciones metodológicas para plegar al psicoanálisis a una perspectiva ligada a la historia social y cultural de los países en los que es recepcionado.
O presente trabalho analisa a presença e as consequências de uma das estratégias historiográficas mais importantes das histórias sobre psicanálise oriundas do movimento psicanalítico. Desde os primeiros escritos freudianos sobre a história da psicanálise, em 1914, o conceito de pioneiro tornou-se um conceito-chave como fórmula legitimadora para adeptos das teorias psicanalíticas. É evidente como o uso desse conceito reduz significativamente a multiplicidade da psicanálise como objeto de pesquisa histórica. Por fim, são propostas algumas considerações metodológicas para orientar a psicanálise de uma perspectiva vinculada à história social e cultural dos países em que é recebida.
This article analyzes the presence and consequences of one of the most important historiographic strategies of the stories about psychoanalysis coming from within the psychoanalytic movement. Since the first Freudian writing on the history of psychoanalysis in 1914, the concept of pioneer has become a key concept as a legitimizing formula for adherents of psychoanalytic theories. It is evident how the use of this concept significantly reduces the multiplicity of psychoanalysis as an object of historical research. Finally, some methodological considerations are proposed to guide psychoanalysis from a perspective linked to the social and cultural history of the countries in which it is received.
Ce travail analyse la présence et les conséquences de l'une des stratégies historiographiques les plus importantes des récits sur la psychanalyse venant de l'intérieur du mouvement psychanalytique. Depuis la première écriture freudienne sur l'histoire de la psychanalyse en 1914, le concept de pionnier est devenu un concept clé en tant que formule de légitimation pour les adeptes des théories psychanalytiques. Il est évident que l'utilisation de ce concept réduit considérablement la multiplicité de la psychanalyse en tant qu'objet de recherche historique. Enfin, des considérations méthodologiques sont proposées pour orienter la psychanalyse dans une perspective liée à l'histoire sociale et culturelle des pays où elle est reçue.
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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancers in North American men. While androgen deprivation has remained as the cornerstone of prostate cancer treatment, resistance ensues leading to lethal disease. Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) encodes a pioneer factor that induces open chromatin conformation to allow the binding of other transcription factors. Through direct interactions with the Androgen Receptor (AR), FOXA1 helps to shape AR signaling that drives the growth and survival of normal prostate and prostate cancer cells. FOXA1 also possesses an AR-independent role of regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In prostate cancer, mutations converge onto the coding sequence and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of FOXA1, leading to functional alterations. In addition, FOXA1 activity in prostate cancer can be modulated post-translationally through various mechanisms such as LSD1-mediated protein demethylation. In this review, we describe the latest discoveries related to the function and regulation of FOXA1 in prostate cancer, pointing to their relevance to guide future clinical interventions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Amino Acid Sequence , Epigenesis, Genetic , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/metabolism , Histone Demethylases/metabolism , Histones/metabolism , Mutation , Prostate/pathology , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Protein Binding , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste ensaio, o autor entrecruza a trajetória profissional de Virgínia Leone Bicudo, promotora de iniciativas de institucionalização e divulgação da psicanálise no país e autora de um estudo sociológico pioneiro acerca das relações raciais no Brasil urbano e contemporâneo, e aspectos da constituição sociopolítica e cultural da sociedade brasileira.
ABSTRACT It is about an essay that interconnects Virginia Leone Bicudo's career path, promoting psychoanalysis institutionalization initiatives in Brazil and the author of sociological studies, pioneer in race relations about the racism present in Brazil, both urban and contemporaneous, besides aspects of sociopolitical and cultural establishment in Brazilian society.
RESUMEN Se trata de un ensayo que entrecruza la trayectoria profesional de Virginia Leone Bicudo, promotora de iniciativas de institucionalización y divulgación del psicoanálisis en Brasil y autora del estudio sociológico pionero en el tema de las relaciones raciales sobre el racismo presente en Brasil, urbano y contemporáneo, con aspectos de la constitución sociopolítica y cultural de la sociedad brasileña.
RÉSUMÉ Il s'agit d'un essai qui entrecroise la trajectoire professionnelle de Virginia Leone Bicudo, promotrice d'initiatives d'institutionnalisation et de diffusion de la psychanalyse au Brésil, et autrice d'une étude sociologique pionnière dans les rapports raciaux concernant le racisme urbain et contemporain présent au Brésil, et encore les aspects de la constitution sociopolitique de la société brésilienne.
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The nucleosome presents a formidable barrier to DNA-templated transcription by the RNA polymerase IImachinery. Overcoming this transcriptional barrier in a locus-specific manner requires sequence-specificrecognition of nucleosomal DNA by ‘pioneer’ transcription factors (TFs). Cell fate decisions, in turn, dependon the coordinated action of pioneer TFs at cell lineage-specific gene regulatory elements. Although it isalready appreciated that pioneer factors play a critical role in cell differentiation, our understanding of thestructural and biochemical mechanisms by which they act is still rapidly expanding. Recent research hasrevealed novel insight into modes of nucleosome-TF binding and uncovered kinetic principles by whichnucleosomal DNA compaction affects both TF binding and residence time. Here, we review progress and arguethat these structural and kinetic studies suggest new models of gene regulation by pioneer TFs.
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Aiming to compare morphofunctional features related to dispersion and establishment of plants, this study evaluated seed biometry and biomass, as well as germination and emergence potential in eight plant species native to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. Biometric measurements and biomass of seeds were obtained with a caliper and a precision scale.Afterwards, they were subjected to a germination test in BOD chambers under constanttemperature and 12hoursphotoperiod, and sown in styrofoam trays containing organic substrate and sand, kept in full sunlight.Data from germination and emergence was subjected to cluster analysis, according to the functional morphotype of the seedling.Most species presented seeds with a rounded shape, uniform staining at the mature stage, varied coat consistency, two types of dispersal syndromes (anemochory and zoochory) and four morphofunctional patterns in developing seedlings (crypto-hypogeal-storers, crypto-epigeal-storers, phanero-epigeal-storers and phanero-epigeal-foliaceous). The species belonging to group I (Albizia niopoides, Cedrela fissilis, Pterogyne nitensand Randia ferox) have foliaceous photosynthetic cotyledons and group II (Cabralea canjerana, Eugenia pyriformis, Inga laurinaand Poecilantheparviflora) have a reserve cotyledon. Species of group I had higher means in the percentage and rate of germination, less variability and amplitude of days for seedlings emergence. On the other hand, species of group II showed higher mean values in seed biometry and biomass. Thus, seeds with foliaceous cotyledons have an optimized development because of luminosity, whereas seeds with reserve tend to have slower development, remaining at the seedling stage for a longer time.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Germination , Seedlings/growth & development , Seedlings/chemistryABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the top influence, pioneer pharmacy leaders (1970-2015) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of the history of most influencing pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; in the past fortyfive years. It revised the top twenty pharmacists in the date period included from 1970-2015. The letter had been sent to some experts’ pharmacist to nominate the top influence pharmacy in the same period. The updated resumes had been revised. The interview had been done with all pharmacy leaders. The analysis consisted of twopart. The first section about a brief history of demographic data. The second section about most achievements during pharmacy career life. Results: There are almost 15 pioneer pharmacy leaders in Saudi Arabia. They changed the face of pharmacy practice through achievement projects, published research and consultations. They worked at several governmental and private sectors. The governmental sections included the Ministry of Health institution, University or National Guard and Military organization. Besides, the pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion: There were excellent pioneer pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They changed the image of pharmacy practice at all healthcare institutions. Further studies demand to explore more different of pharmacy field in Saudi Arabia.
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El objetivo fue evaluar los requerimientos de germinación de Phacelia secunda J.F. Gmel. y Eryngium paniculatum Cav. y Dombey ex F. Delaroche, herbáceas perennes colonizadoras de ambientes degradados del noroeste patagónico argentino y de interés para la restauración ecológica. Se evaluó el porcentaje, tiempo medio e inicio de germinación en un control (C) y dos tratamientos pre-germinativos: escarificación mecánica con bisturí (EM) y estratificación húmeda fría durante 45 días (EHF). En P. secunda, el porcentaje de germinación en el tratamiento EHF (2%) fue menor que en el C (24%) y el tratamiento EM (16%). En E. paniculatum se encontraron diferencias entre el C (94%) y el tratamiento EHF (82%), pero no entre el C y EM (91%). El tratamiento EHF aceleró el inicio de la geminación en ambas especies. Las semillas de P. secunda mostraron baja capacidad de germinación siendo necesario evaluar nuevos tratamientos. Eryngium paniculatum mostró alta capacidad germinativa aún en el control, lo que evidencia que no requiere tratamientos pregerminativos específicos.
The aim was to evaluate the seed germination requirements of Phacelia secunda J.F. Gmel. and Eryngium paniculatum Cav. y Dombey ex F. Delaroche, perennial herbaceous colonizers of degraded environments of northwest Argentinian Patagonia and of interest for ecological restoration. The germination percentage, mean germination time and time until initiation of germination of a control (C) and two pre-germination treatments: mechanical scarification with a scalpel (EM) and 45 days cold moist stratification (EHF) were evaluated. In P. secunda, the germination percentage in EHF treatment (2%) was lower than in C (24%) and EM (16%) treatment. In E. paniculatum, differences between C (94%) and EHF (82%) were found, but not between C and EM (91%). EHF treatment accelerated the germination initiation in both species. Seeds of P. secunda showed low germination capacity being necessary to evaluate new treatments. Eryngium paniculatum showed high germination capacity in the control. Thus this species does not require specific pre-germination treatments.
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Colossoma macropomum is a frugivorous fish from the Amazon and Orinoco river basins. This species has an important economic and social role in both river watersheds; it also has been overfished for more than 40 years, leading to changes in the populations structure. Currently adults are less common in fisheries, while juveniles are more frequently fished and sold in several market places along the Amazon River. Reportedly adult individuals consume a vast quantity of fruits and seeds and has been recognized as effective seed dispersers that plays a significant ecological role. Although frugivorous fishes are important dispersers in tropical rainforests, assessments of their effectiveness in dispersing seeds and in the effect on the germination of these ingested seeds are still insufficient. Cecropia latiloba and Cecropia membranacea are two pioneer tree species that initiate the succession process in the tropical forest and are both widely consumed by C. macropomum. In this study we aimed to verify if the Cecropia seeds that pass through the digestive tract of juveniles of C. macropomum would show improved germination. The results obtained through controlled experiments confirm that seeds that pass through the digestive tract of C. macropomum retained their germination capacity. Although the responses in the improvement of the germination variables (germination capacity, minimum imbibition time, time necessary for reaching 50 % germination capacity, emergence velocity index and germination mean time) did not show statistical differences between treatments, the seedlings that grew from the seeds consumed by the fish were taller than those without the digestive treatment. We conclude that juveniles of C. macropomum have the possibility to disperse the seeds of these Cecropia species.
Colossoma macropomum es un pez frugívoro de las cuencas del Amazonas y el Orinoco. Esta especie tiene un importante papel económico y social en ambas cuencas; sin embargo, ha sido sobreexplotada por más de 40 años, lo que ha llevado a cambios en la estructura de sus poblaciones. Actualmente los adultos son menos comunes en las pesquerías, mientras que los juveniles son atrapados y vendidos en varios mercados a lo largo del río Amazonas con mayor frecuencia. Se ha reportado que los individuos adultos consumen grandes cantidades de frutas y semillas, y han sido reconocidos como dispersores efectivos con un papel ecológico vital. A pesar de que los peces frugívoros son dispersores importantes en los bosques tropicales, los estudios sobre su efectividad en la dispersión de semillas y sobre la capacidad de germinación y la viabilidad de las semillas ingeridas son aún insuficientes. Cecropia latiloba y Cecropia membranacea son dos especies de árboles pioneros que inician el proceso de sucesión en los bosques tropicales; ambas son ampliamente consumidas por C. macropomum. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si las semillas de Cecropia que pasaron por el tracto digestivo de los juveniles de C. macropomum mejorarían su germinación. Los resultados obtenidos a través de experimentos controlados confirmaron que las semillas que pasan a través del tracto digestivo de C. macropomum mantienen su capacidad de germinar. Aunque las variables de germinación (capacidad de germinación, tiempo de imbibición mínimo, tiempo necesario para alcanzar el 50 % de la capacidad de germinación, índice de velocidad de emergencia y tiempo medio de germinación) no mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos, las plántulas que crecieron de las semillas consumidas por los peces crecieron más que aquellas provenientes de semillas no ingeridas. Concluimos que los juveniles de C. macropomum tienen la posibilidad de dispersar las semillas de estas especies de Cecropia.
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Resumen: El Congreso de la American Heart Association 2018 tuvo lugar en la ciudad de Chicago, Illinois, del 10 al 12 de noviembre. Contó con múltiples novedades, se presentaron tres nuevas guías de recomendaciones (abordaje de las bradicardias y trastornos de conducción, actividad física, y tal vez la más esperada, la nueva guía de tratamiento de las dislipemias). Al revisar las recomendaciones de 2013, los expertos norteamericanos introdujeron varios cambios, el más importante de los cuales quizá sea disminuir la trascendencia que se le da al cálculo del riesgo a diez años para volver a enfocarse en la meta de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), bajo la premisa de que cuanto más bajo, mejor. Realizaremos un breve resumen de algunos de los principales trabajos científicos presentados durante este evento que, sin duda, tendrán una influencia importante en el futuro próximo de la cardiología mundial. - Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial - REDUCE-IT. - Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease - VITAL. - Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Primary Results of the PIONEER - HF Randomized Controlled Trial. - Pre-hospital Resuscitation Intra-arrest Cooling Effectiveness Survival Study - the PRINCESS Trial.
Summary: The American Heart Association 2018 Congress was held in the city of Chicago, Illinois, from November 10 to 12. There were many news, three new recommendations guidelines were presented (approach to bradycardia and driving disorders, physical activity, and perhaps the most anticipated, the new treatment guide for dyslipidemia). In reviewing the 2013 recommendations, US experts introduced several changes, the most important of which may be to reduce the significance of the 10-year risk calculation to refocus on the LDL goal, under the premise of that the lower, the better. We will make a brief summary of some of the main scientific papers presented during this event that will undoubtedly have an important influence in the near future of global cardiology. - Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial - REDUCE-IT. - Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease - VITAL. - Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Primary Results of the PIONEER-HF Randomized Controlled Trial. - Pre-hospital Resuscitation Intra-arrest Cooling Effectiveness Survival Study - the PRINCESS Trial.
Resumo: O Congresso da American Heart Association 2018 foi realizado na cidade de Chicago, Illinois, de 10 a 12 de novembro. Havia muitos novos recursos, três novos guias de recomendações foram apresentados (abordagem para bradicardia e transtornos de direção, atividade física e talvez o mais aguardado, o novo guia de tratamento para dislipidemia). Ao rever as recomendações de 2013, os especialistas norte-americanos introduziram várias mudanças, a mais importante das quais pode ser reduzir a significância do cálculo do risco de 10 anos para reorientar a meta de LDL, sob a premissa de que quanto menor, melhor. Faremos um breve resumo de alguns dos principais trabalhos científicos apresentados durante este evento que, sem dúvida, terão uma influência importante no futuro próximo da cardiologia global. - Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial - REDUCE-IT. - Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease - VITAL. - Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Primary Results of the PIONEER - HF Randomized Controlled Trial. - Pre-hospital Resuscitation Intra-arrest Cooling Effectiveness Survival Study - the PRINCESS Trial.
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Medical managements are becoming personalized while diseases are being understood at the molecular level. Nuclear medicine is one of the fields actively contributing to this development. In particular, theranostics, a combinatorial term for therapy and diagnostics, enables accurate imaging and subsequent targeted radionuclide treatment. Due to its high impact in healthcare, many countries have begun to offer Ga-68 PET/CTscans and Lu-177 therapies. The Philippines has followed suit through the initiative of this author and able support of the administration and staff of St. Luke's Medical Center. The Ga-68 DOTATATE and PSMA PET/CT scans became officially available in January 2018 while the first peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumor and first PSMA radioligand therapy for prostate cancer occurred in May and June 2018, respectively. Amidst past, present, and future challenges, theranostics has emerged in the Philippines, offering hope to cancer patients in the country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care , Hope , Neuroendocrine Tumors , Nuclear Medicine , Philippines , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Prostatic Neoplasms , Receptors, Peptide , Theranostic NanomedicineABSTRACT
@#Infective endocarditis during breastfeeding is rare. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the second recorded case of infective endocarditis in a lactating mother. It is known that women of child-bearing age are susceptible to infective endocarditis during pregnancy when the immune system is compromised.1 Nevertheless, past cases were also exposed to a systemic infection via milk infected by their infant’s oral commensal. Streptococcus mitis (S.Mitis) endocarditis in pregnancy has also been reported, whereby a lady delivered via caesarean section and underwent mitral valve reconstruction and annuloplasty.1 S. mitis is considered a pioneer streptococci commensal in human oral mucosa, appearing as early as 1-3 days after delivery.2 As a child grows, their oral mucosa will be colonized by more viridans streptococci, including the teeth, oropharynx and nasopharynx. In a mother who breastfeeds, a crack in the nipple and breast engorgement can be predisposing factors for systemic infection stemming from an infant’s oral commensal. Both cases of breastfeeding-related infective endocarditis caused by pioneer streptococcus viridans, S.mitis in our report and S.salivarius3 in the previous report, affected the left-sided valves
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Objective To compare the operative precision between pioneer drilling guiding and full navigation guiding plates in the flapless immediate implantation. Methods Data of 50 immediate implants, which were implanted from 47 outpatients (50 implants) of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital from 2014 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were conducted on the pioneer drilling guiding system (22 implants) and full navigation guiding sytem (28 implants). The cone beam CT (CBCT) was preliminarily taken and modeled for each patient. All of the patients underwent implant surgery after making guiding plates by three-dimensional reconstruction, simulation planting design and the application of digital rapid prototyping technology. Cavity preparations were made by pioneer drilling and full navigation assisted with planting drills respectively to finish implantation. The post-operative CBCT was taken and performed the three-dimensional reconstruction. The implantation precision guiding by two systems were compared. Results All of the 50 immediate implants were successfully completed with the guiding plates. Implant mucositis appeared in one case after 3 months of temporary repair, and after the targeted therapy, the final repair was finished. The rest cases were finally completed. No implant was loose or fell off. The deviation was less in neck apex and root apex angle in full navigation group than that of pioneer drilling guiding group (P<0.01). But there was no significant difference in axial angle between the two groups after navigation and implantation (P>0.05). Conclusion The digital surgical guiding plates provide nice technical support for the application of the flapless immediate implantation. And the full navigation system has higher precision than that of the pioneer drilling navigation system.
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Objective To compare the operative precision between pioneer drilling guiding and full navigation guiding plates in the flapless immediate implantation. Methods Data of 50 immediate implants, which were implanted from 47 outpatients (50 implants) of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital from 2014 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were conducted on the pioneer drilling guiding system (22 implants) and full navigation guiding sytem (28 implants). The cone beam CT (CBCT) was preliminarily taken and modeled for each patient. All of the patients underwent implant surgery after making guiding plates by three-dimensional reconstruction, simulation planting design and the application of digital rapid prototyping technology. Cavity preparations were made by pioneer drilling and full navigation assisted with planting drills respectively to finish implantation. The post-operative CBCT was taken and performed the three-dimensional reconstruction. The implantation precision guiding by two systems were compared. Results All of the 50 immediate implants were successfully completed with the guiding plates. Implant mucositis appeared in one case after 3 months of temporary repair, and after the targeted therapy, the final repair was finished. The rest cases were finally completed. No implant was loose or fell off. The deviation was less in neck apex and root apex angle in full navigation group than that of pioneer drilling guiding group (P<0.01). But there was no significant difference in axial angle between the two groups after navigation and implantation (P>0.05). Conclusion The digital surgical guiding plates provide nice technical support for the application of the flapless immediate implantation. And the full navigation system has higher precision than that of the pioneer drilling navigation system.
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Abstract The goal of this study was to identify which bird species consume Solanum granuloso-leprosum fruits and disperse its seeds. 60 hours of focal observations were carried out between April and May 2006 on the edge of a deciduous forest fragment in the Uruguay River region, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Ten species were observed in total removing 443 fruits. Saltator similis removed 61.8% of the fruits, followed by Tangara sayaca (17.1%), Pipraeidea bonariensis (11.7%), and T. preciosa (6.8%), while the remaining six species accounted for only 2.5% of the fruits removed. Most fruit removal occurred early in the day or mid-afternoon. The most common feeding behaviors were picking (60.7%), followed by stalling (23%) and hovering (16%). Birds flew more than 10 m from the fruit plant in 62% of the removal events. All bird species observed here may be considered potential dispersers of S. granuloso-leprosum, as they moved the seeds away from the mother plant where strong competition and predation are likely to occur. Results also suggest that S. granuloso-leprosum may be useful in ecological restoration programs.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar quais as espécies de aves consomem frutos de Solanum granuloso-leposum e dispersam suas sementes. Para tanto, 60 horas de observações focais foram realizadas entre abril e maio de 2006 na borda de um fragmento de floresta decídua na região do rio Uruguai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dez espécies foram observadas removendo 443 frutos. Saltator similis removeu 61,8% dos frutos, seguido de Tangara sayaca (17,1%), Pipraeidea bonariensis (11,7%), e T. preciosa (6,8%), enquanto as restantes seis espécies representaram apenas 2,5% dos frutos removidos. A maioria das remoções dos frutos ocorreram no início do dia ou meio da tarde. Os comportamentos alimentares mais comuns foram picking (60,7%), seguido por stalling (23%) e hovering (16%). As aves voaram mais de 10 m da planta de onde removeram frutos em 62% dos eventos de remoção. Todas as espécies de aves observadas aqui podem ser consideradas potenciais dispersores de S. granuloso-leprosum, moveram sementes para longe da planta-mãe, onde a concorrência e a predação são mais susceptíveis de ocorrer. Os resultados também sugerem que S. granuloso-leprosum pode ser útil em programas de restauração ecológica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Seeds , Birds/physiology , Solanum/physiology , Seed Dispersal/physiology , Herbivory/physiology , Seasons , Brazil , Forests , FruitABSTRACT
Miconia chartacea es un árbol con amplia distribución altitudinal y latitudinal en Brasil, que se encuentra desde formaciones vegetales estacionales xerofíticas como Caatinga y Cerrado hasta bosques pluviales como Mata Atlántica, en pastizales con árboles aislados hasta interior de bosques maduros. Fue descrita la respuesta germinativa de las semillas de M. chartacea a la luz, temperatura, hormonas vegetales y posmaduración a baja temperatura. Los frutos se recolectaron en la reserva de Cerrado "Prof. Karl Arens", en el municipio Corumbataí (San Paulo, Brasil), la cual presenta una estación seca y fría desde abril hasta septiembre y una estación húmeda y caliente de octubre a marzo. Las semillas se dispersaron durante la estación seca, son fotoblásticas positivas bajo temperaturas constantes y variables, la germinación disminuye bajo irradiaciones de luz blanca inferiores a 17 umol/m2s, la razón rojo/rojo lejano (R/RL) no afectó el porcentaje de germinación, pero la velocidad de germinación aumentó a partir de razones R/ RL > 0.4. Las semillas germinaron en el intervalo térmico de 15 a 35 °C, la temperatura optima esta entre 20 y 25 °C, la alternancia de temperatura no estimuló la germinación respecto a las temperaturas constantes. Las semillas presentaron latencia fisiológica no profunda, la cual fue rota mediante posmaduración durante 93 días a 7 °C y el etileno estimuló la germinación. La gama de temperaturas en la cual germinan las semillas fue menor en las semillas maduradas bajo las condiciones más calientes de la transición de la estación lluviosa a seca que las semillas maduradas en la estación seca. El requerimiento de un periodo frío para romper latencia disminuye la probabilidad de que las semillas germinen durante el invierno, quedando listas para germinar en el verano. Así, la detección de cambios estacionales de temperatura del suelo y el aumento de sensibilidad a la temperatura después de un periodo de frío son responsables por el control temporal de la germinación de M. chartacea, mientras que la respuestas a luz permite que solo germinen las semillas que están en la superficie del suelo, y favorece la germinación en claros de bosque pequeños a grandes.
Miconia chartacea is a widely distributed tree along both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in Brazil, and it can be found in seasonal xerophytic vegetation, e.g. Caatinga and Cerrado, and tropical rainforest (e.g. Mata Atlantica), from grassland with scattered trees to mature forest. We studied the germination response of M. chartacea seeds to light, temperature, plant hormones and after-ripening at low temperature. Seeds were collected from a Cerrado reserve located in Corumbataí, Sao Paulo State, which characterizes to have a cool dry season from April to September, and a warm wet season from October to March. M. chartacea seeds are dispersed in the dry season and exhibited a photoblastic behavior both at constant and alternating temperatures. The germination was decreased at irradiances below 17 umol / m2s, whereas R: FR ratios below 0.4 reduced the germination rate, but not the germination capacity. The germination-permissive temperatures range from 15 to 35 °C, with an optimum interval from 20 to 25 °C. Germination is not improved by alternating temperature regimes as compared to isothermal treatments. The seeds have a non-deep physiological dormancy, which can be partially overcame either by dry after-ripening at 7 °C for 93 days, or by the 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid treatment. The thermal window within which the seeds germinate was narrower for seeds matured in the rainy to dry season transition period, under warmer conditions, than in the dry season. Cold requirement for dormancy break in seeds of M. chartacea can prevent the germination in the winter, allowing the seeds to germinate in the summer under more favorable conditions. The results suggest that seed response to temperature accounts for temporal distribution of germination, of M. chartacea, while light predominantly influences the spatial distribution of seedlings, precluding the germination of buried seeds and affecting the germination response to gap size.
ABSTRACT
Copernicia tectorum is a palm that grows in large populations on seasonally flooded savannas in the Caribbean region of Colombia, where its stems and expanded leaves are used in construction, and its unexpanded leaves are used to make handicrafts. We studied abundance and population structure in 34 plots of 20×10m (0.68 ha) of three localities (Plato, Córdoba and Magangué) at the Mompox Depression, an inner delta formed by the confluence of four large rivers. We recorded growth and mortality of 164 palms of different size classes over 13 months, and additionally we estimated seedling and juvenile mortality in two 10x10m plots within the same sites. Data analysis using Kolgomorov-Smirnov (KS), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were made on Statgraphics Plus and SPSS. We related the structure and dynamics of the palm stands to flood intensity. Copernicia tectorum has the fastest leaf production rate recorded for any palm (19-23 leaves/year in subadults and adults), and a short life span of ca. 46 years. The abundance, density and high leaf production rate of this palm offer a great potential for the sustainable use of its unexpanded leaves (especially at Plato, where there are ca. 480ha of palm stands with 300-1 000 individuals/ha), as leaf harvest from subadult and adult individuals does not appear to affect population structure. The palm is a pioneer of the flood plain, and the palm stands at particular sites appear to wax and wane following sedimentation dynamics, in which the species plays in important role. Current population structure and the scarce recruitment of juveniles at the study site suggest that the population is waning in that site. Management actions should be taken to reestablish natural river dynamics at the lagoon complex where the palm grows. Appropriate management of palm stands may contribute to minimize any negative effects of river dynamics.
La palma Copernicia tectorum forma grandes poblaciones en sabanas estacionalmente inundables de la región Caribe de Colombia, donde sus tallos y hojas se utilizan en construcción y sus cogollos para la elaboración de artesanías. Estudiamos la abundancia y la estructura poblacional en 34 parcelas de 20×10m (0.68 ha), en tres localidades (Plato, Córdoba y Magangué) en la Depresión Momposina, un delta interior formado por la confluencia de cuatro grandes ríos. Registramos el crecimiento y la mortalidad de 164 palmas de diferentes clases de tamaño durante 13 meses y estimamos además la mortalidad en plántulas y juveniles en dos parcelas de 10x10m en los mismos sitios. Los análisis se realizaron con las pruebas de Kolgomorov-Smirnov (KS), Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney en Statgraphics Plus and SPSS. Relacionamos la estructura y dinámica de los palmares con la intensidad de la inundación. Copernicia tectorum tiene la tasa de producción de hojas más rápida registrada hasta ahora para cualquier palma (19-23 hojas por año en subadultos y adultos) y una vida corta de ca. 46 años. La abundancia, densidad y alta tasa de producción de hojas de la palma ofrecen un gran potencial para el uso sostenible de sus cogollos (especialmente en Plato, donde hay unas 480 ha de palmares con 300-1 000 individuos/ha), ya que la cosecha de hojas de palmas adultas y subadultas, parece no afectar la estructura de la población. La palma es una pionera de las llanuras inundables, y los palmares en un sitio particular crecen y se reducen siguiendo la dinámica de sedimentación, en la cual la especie juega un papel importante. La estructura actual de las poblaciones y el escaso reclutamiento en las clases juveniles en el sitio de estudio sugieren que allí la población se está reduciendo. Se deben emprender acciones de manejo que apunten a restablecer la dinámica fluvial natural en los complejos cenagosos en los que crece la palma. A su vez, el manejo apropiado de los palmares ...
Subject(s)
Arecaceae , ColombiaABSTRACT
Las microalgas poseen atributos para la bioindicación, el estudio de algas perifíticas en ecosistemas fluviales tropicales, es de vital importancia ya que permite interpretar la dinámica de estos ecosistemas con importancia ecológica y con vocación para ofrecer servicios de abastecimiento. Para este estudio se seleccionaron tributarios de la cuenca media del río Gaira (SNSM), se evaluó el proceso sucesional de microalgas perifíticas, siguiendo el avance de la comunidad desde enero hasta abril de 2012, mediante la metodología de sustratos artificiales. El propósito fue analizar la variación en la estructura de la comunidad, durante el proceso de sucesión y evaluar los factores ambientales que determinan esta variación en un rio tropical. Los resultados destacan caudal, luz y oxígeno disuelto los cuales presentaron los valores más altos para el tributario C (Jabalí); el pH fue ligeramente básico para todos los sitios, la temperatura y conductividad presentaron valores más altos en el tributario A (Honduras). Durante las primeras semanas de exposición del sustrato Melosira varians y Lyngbya sp. fueron dominantes para los tributarios A y B (La Picúa), mientras que para el tributario C lo fueron Fragilaria sp., Nitzschia sp. y Melosira varians. Después de la cuarta semana de colecta se registraron los mayores valores de diversidad y riqueza de especies. Fueron más notorios los cambios en densidad que en composición de especies, a pesar de esto el proceso de sucesión fue completo y se evidenció la presencia de especies pioneras (Lyngbya sp., Nitzschia sp.), intermedias (Melosira varians, Cocconeis placentula) y tardías (Surirella sp.).
Microalgae have attributes for bioindication, the study of periphytic algae in tropical river ecosystems, is vital as it allows interpreting the dynamics of these ecosystems and ecological importance vocation to offer catering services. For this study were selected tributaries of the middle basin of Gaira (SNSM) River, the successional process periphytic microalgae was evaluated following the progress of the community from January to April 2012, using the methodology of artificial substrates. The purpose was to analyze the variation in community structure during the succession process and assess environmental factors that determine this variation in a tropical river. The results highlight flow, light and dissolved oxygen which presented the highest for tax C (Jabalí) values; the pH was slightly basic for all sites, temperature and conductivity showed the highest values in the tax A (Honduras). During the first weeks of exposure of the substrate Melosira varians and Lyngbya sp. were dominant for tributary A and B (La Picúa), while for the tributary C they were Fragilaria sp, Nitzschia sp and Melosira varians. After the fourth week of collecting the highest values of diversity and species richness recorded. Were greatest density changes in species composition, despite this the succession process was complete and the presence of pioneer species (Lyngbya sp, Nitzschia sp), intermediate (Melosira varians, Cocconeis placentula) and late (Surirella sp).
ABSTRACT
Alibertia patinoi (Rubiaceae). Alibertia patinoi (Rubiaceae) is of economic and cultural importance for communities in the Colombian Pacific and Amazon regions, where it is cultivated and mature fruits are highly appreciated and consumed. Since there is a lack of knowledge of the seed physiology of this species, we describe here the germination behavior and morphometry of seeds of Alibertia patinoi, and relate them to its habitat. Fruits were collected from a mixed food crop and a commercial plantation in Guaimía village, Buenaventura, Colombia, a tropical rain forest area. We measured length, width, thickness, mass (n=1 400), and moisture content of seeds (n=252). Primary dormancy tests were conducted (n=200), followed by imbibition (n=252) and germination dynamics, under different conditions of light and temperature specific to understory and forest clearings (n=300 seeds). Finally, seed storage behavior was established (n=100 seeds). We observed that size and mass of seeds had a narrow range of values that did not differ within or among fruits and that the species did not exhibit primary dormancy. The seeds are recalcitrant, and recently harvested seeds exhibited higher seed moisture content (ca. 44%) and continuous metabolism. The seed germination percentage was observed to be higher under the specific dense canopy forest light and temperature conditions; furthermore, neither enriched far-red light nor darkness conditions inhibited germination. We concluded that rapid germination could be the establishment strategy of this species. Also, the physiological traits (i.e., rapid germination rate, low germination requirements, absence of primary dormancy, and recalcitrant behavior) and seed size and mass, suggest that A. patinoi is adapted to conditions of mature tropical rain forests.
La germinación y morfometría de las semillas de Alibertia patinoi se describen y se relacionan con el hábitat de la especie, el Bosque Pluvial Tropical Americano. Se midió la longitud, ancho, grosor, peso y contenido de humedad de las semillas. Se realizaron pruebas de latencia, imbibición y dinámica de la germinación con diferentes condiciones de luz y temperatura específicas de claros y de sotobosque cubierto por un dosel denso. Además, se estableció el comportamiento de almacenamiento de las semillas. El tamaño y peso de las semillas no difieren dentro ni entre frutos. Las semillas recién cosechadas no tienen latencia primaria, presentan alto contenido de humedad (ca. 44%), metabolismo continuo y son recalcitrantes. La germinación tuvo porcentajes altos y en condiciones de luz y temperatura específicas de bosque con follaje denso, y ni la luz enriquecida con rojo lejano ni la oscuridad inhibieron la germinación. Se concluye que la germinación rápida podría ser la estrategia de establecimiento de esta especie. Además, los rasgos fisiológicos, el tamaño y peso de las semillas, sugieren que A. patinoi está adaptada a las condiciones del bosque lluvioso tropical maduro y se comporta como una especie que no es pionera.